Essay on The Transcontinental Railroad And Westward...

The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion Thesis: The transcontinental railroad greatly increased Westward expansion in the United States of America during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The history of the United States has been influenced by England in many ways. In the second half of the 1800s, the railroad, which was invented in England, had a major effect on Western expansion in the United States. quot;Railroads were born in England, a country with dense populations, short distances between cities, and large financial resources. In America there were different circumstances, a sparse population in a huge country, large stretches between cities, and only the smallest amounts of money.quot;†¦show more content†¦Romantics dreamed of the discoveries of wild Indians, scouts and hunters, and, of course, gold. Gold had been a desired find throughout the exploration of America. The California Gold Rush of 1849 again created much excitement about the search for gold. The Pacific Railroads were founded when the Civil War was in progress. Until the war was over, the transcontinental railroad was a giant enterprise stalled by much bickering between a reluctant Congress and the Army, who had clamored for it (Cooke 254). If it had been left to the government, it would have taken another twenty years to complete the transcontinental railroad. However, it was a commercial venture, and it was fortunately fed by the adrenaline of competition. There were two railroad companies building the transcontinental railroad, the Union Pacific from the East, and the Central Pacific from the West. The two companies struggled to beat each other in slamming down a record mileage of track. At first, Congress avidly pursued the project and they had stipulated that the Central Pacific should stop when it reached the California Border (Congress was full of Easterners). In 1865, after much argument about the aid the government was providing to the two companies, the actual construction of the transcontinental railroad was started. Then in 1866, Congress decided that two companiesShow MoreRelatedThe Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion2707 Words   |  11 PagesThe Transcontinental Railroad and Westward Expansion Thesis: The transcontinental railroad greatly increased Westward expansion in the United States of America during the latter half of the nineteenth century. The history of the United States has been influenced by England in many ways. In the second half of the 1800 s, the railroad, which was invented in England, had a major effect on Western expansion in the United States. Railroads were born in England, a country with dense populationsRead MoreManifest Destiny And Westward Expansion Essay1447 Words   |  6 Pages1) OUTLINE: I. Topic sentence. Manifest destiny and westward expansion was a tremendous key component to the growth of the nation economically because of the impact it had on native americans, women empowerment, and expanding the population of the country. II. Significance of topic. Americans looked towards the western lands as an opportunity for large amounts of free land, for growth of industry, and pursue the manifest destiny. III. List of evidence related to topic. The railwaysRead MoreWestward Expansion Of The United States1060 Words   |  5 PagesWestward expansion changed into the preference of the US to govern the territories of western components of the United States that had been either unclaimed or occupied by using other international locations. It is pertinent to comprehend that the us history became inspired with the aid of England in diverse methods. Within the second 1/2 of 18th century, the railroad which that turned into invented in England introduced a main effect in the USA enlargement to the West. Railroads originated fromRead MoreThe United States Railway System1001 Words   |  5 Pagesconsisted of carriages and wagons being pulled down a track by a horse or two. This form of train was most commonly used for transporting freight. Luckily, Colonel Stevens received the first ever railway grant in 1815 to construct the New Jersey Railroad Company. By 1826, Stevens tested the first steam-engine train in the United States, known as the â€Å"Steam Wagon.† The â€Å"Steam Wagon† relied on the power of steam to move. Coal was shoveled into something called a â€Å"firebox.† The heat created from theRead MoreThe Transcontinental Railroad And The Railroad1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe Transcontinental Railroad Amid the 1800’s, America was experiencing a period of development known as the Industrial Revolution. America was in its first century of being an autonomous and creative nation. One of the greatest commitments to this huge innovative progression was the foundation of the Transcontinental Railroad. The westward expansion designed to be the key to a nation-building project and a change for the United States.[1] The Pacific Railroads cleared the path in which builtRead MoreThe Expansion of America to the West1314 Words   |  5 Pagesaway from the east coast, across the Mississippi westward. After many western states joined the Union, hundreds of thousands of pioneers migrated to the new territories, which shifted the majority of the country’s population to the West. With so much uninhabited and unorganized land available, the desire for more land brought aspiring pioneers to the frontier. As enticing as the idea was, something else was persuading many people to mig rate westward. Manifest Destiny became a widely used conceptRead MoreImpact Of Railroads On American Development And The Framework Of The Country2242 Words   |  9 PagesRailroads made a huge contribution to United States, they led to many advances throughout American History. There were numerous matters the railroads effected in American development and the framework of the country. The railroad had positive and negative effects on America as a whole through the growth of the industry, such as; encouraged western expansion, enhanced the economy, recognized railroad monopolies, assisted the Union in Civil War, helped keep the country together, and created a highRead MoreThe Transcontinental Railroad Was A Marvel Of Engineering And Perseverance1148 Words   |  5 PagesNovember 17th, 2017 The Transcontinental Railroad is a marvel of engineering and perseverance. A transcontinental railroad is railroad that crosses through a continent. It was built between 1862 and 1869 across the United States. The initial project was proposed in 1845, but it took more time to start the dangerous construction. It had multiples consequences for the United States, not all positive. But the Transcontinental Railroad did affect the westward expansion. In 1845, Asa Whitney, an importantRead MoreThe Transcontinental Railroad: Blood, Sweat, Tears and an American Dream3111 Words   |  13 PagesHistory evident by the Industrial Revolution and the Civil War. However, it was the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad which profoundly changed the United States. The discovery of gold, the acquisition of Mexican territories and the continued settlement of the West increased the need for a primary railway system connecting the East and the West Coasts. The Transcontinental Continental Railroad aided the settling of the west and closed the last of the remaining frontier, bringing newfound economicRead MoreEffects Of Westward Expansion715 Words   |  3 PagesWestward expansion was a time of successes and failures, a time celebrations and grief, a time full of life and death but in the end it shaped how America is the way is today. Westward expansion was put in action because of the belief of Manifest Destiny, the belief that it is America fate to expand from the Atlantic to Pacific ocean. The economical, political and humanitarians impacts were necessary to achieve the goal of manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion. Westward Expansion had the biggest

BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA - 800 Words

BAN ON TOBACCO ADVERTISEMENT IN INDIA In 2004 the government of India banned tobacco companies from advertising their products and sponsoring sports and cultural events. The objective was to discourage adolescents from consuming tobacco products as well as empower the government with the power to launch an anti tobacco program. . This issue created a serious problem in that it was both ethical and commercial, the government on one hand, believe it was its responsibility to protect the welfare of its citizen, while the tobacco industry was a major contributor to the state funds. Objectivity and fairness are the basis of ethical decision making and argument for the ban of tobacco should have been objective. Objectivity is impossible†¦show more content†¦The government had the right to intervene in the overall interest of the citizen. Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship target non smokers and youth where regulations are weak and knowledge of danger of tobacco is limited so the need to ban it. Industry sponsored youth programs are created to improve tobacco industry, public image and discourages further tobacco control legislation and not to reduce uptake of tobacco Argument against the ban of Tobacco Unwanted intrusion by the state in the private lives of the citizen. Ban of advertisement is not a solution to discouraging smokers from smoking and the ban was unjustified as advertisement did not promote smoking and the ban was not the right solution. The ban is denying tobacco industry a fair level playing field. Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship are only targeted to adult smokers and not youth and as such Tobacco companies do not promote selling to minors, in contrast they educate retailers about not selling to minors, and they educate youth about the harms of smoking by carrying out events and sponsorship for school base non smoking programs. Advertising is just for encouraging tobacco brand loyalty, inform about available products and entice current smokers to switch brands, but not to encourage people to start smoking. Advertisement is meant to provide consumers with information about which brands are available so they can make informedShow MoreRelatedBan O n Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India A Case Study 1. A summary of the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising. The arguments in favor of the government banning tobacco advertising generally begins with the belief that the government has the right to intervene in the best interest of its citizens. The banning of cocaine, which is generally seen as worldwide, is often used as an example of this. Public health is often the motive that is cited when countries such as Belgium andRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India Essay736 Words   |  3 PagesAssignment Unit 4 Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India I remembered years ago the California Supreme Courts forced RJ Reynolds to remove their mascot, Joe Camel from all its products. RJ Reynolds would argue that this advertising had nothing to do with selling cigarettes or marketing to minors. This is not a new concept for California, as early as the 1920’s Hollywood has glamorized smoking. It is clear, the direction that the tobacco companies wanted to have a say. The tobacco companies paidRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India864 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by The Government of India: 1. Summarize the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India  · It was said that French Constitutional council declared that ban on advertising tobacco products was not constitutional, it based on the need to protect public health  · They argued that the revenue logic of huge contribution in the form of excise to the Exchequer is not valid  · According to World Health Organization, tobacco accounted for overRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India1444 Words   |  6 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India Tobacco is one of the world’s most profitable industries. The top three producers of tobacco are: China, Brazil, and India, in that order. These industries provide direct and indirect work for many people in developing countries. Thus, like any good company it wishes to expose its products to the public by investing in ads and other merchandise of its product. All companies end goal (and of course this included tobacco) is to increase the appeal andRead MoreBan On Tobacco Advertisements By The Government Of India991 Words   |  4 PagesBan on Tobacco Ads by the Government of India 1. Summarize the arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India 2. Summarize the arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in India 3. Discuss the conflict of interest issue as it pertains to government in India 4. Give your opinion on what governments should do in regards to tobacco advertising Smoking is on my list of not to do. Since I was a little girl my dad used to smoke a lot in our living room. I remember thisRead MoreIndia s Government Should Ban Tobacco Advertisements900 Words   |  4 Pagesthe issue of tobacco advertising, and weigh the merit of each opposing viewpoint on whether or not India’s government should ban tobacco advertisements. 1. Those vouching for the ban of tobacco advertisements in India say that doing so is not unconstitutional, as it is meant to guard health of the general public. They also advocate that the state has the right to step in, when the general interest of its civilians may be at possible risk. Additionally, it was said that the ban would not hinderRead MoreBan Tobacco Ban On Tobacco859 Words   |  4 PagesSupporters of the ban on tobacco in India realize the major health complications that will arise from the use of tobacco. The World Health Organization estimated â€Å"over 3 million people died from tobacco related deaths in 1990,† (Ban on Tobacco Ads by the Government in India; http://www.icmrindia.org/free%20resources/casestudies/ban-tobacco-ads11.htm ). It is the government’s duty to protect the health and welfare of its citizens by banning advertising harmful products that are designed to appealRead MoreBan Of Ban On Tobacco988 Words   |  4 Pages Thos e in favor of the ban on tobacco advertisements and sponsoring of cultural and sporting events in India noted that they were not the first country to be taking these steps. In fact, many European countries had previously invoked bans on tobacco beginning decades before. In both Belgium and France the ban was deemed to be constitutional as the main motivator behind this ban was public health, and not necessarily the desire to stop the tobacco industry from partaking in trade. BeyondRead MoreThe Ban On Advertising Tobacco Products885 Words   |  4 PagesThe ban put on advertising tobacco products in India has caused a lot of debates. Some say it violates the constitution, others say it saves lives. Each side sets a valid argument, but which side is right? These bans do not only exist in India. They have been put into action in many different countries as well. Tobacco use kills 5.4 million people a year, averaging at about half of all smokers. (W.H.O.-Facts) I think that everyone is aware of how bad tobacco use is for your health. What peopleRead MoreThe Ban of Tobacco Advertising in India757 Words   |  3 Pages2001, Government Of India (GOI) announces a bill about banning Tobacco companies from advertising their product and sponsoring sport and cultural events. The bill mission is to reduce consumption of tobacco products. This paper is based on information provided by the case study and is divided into four section. The first section summarizes arguments in favor of the ban on tobacco advertising in India. The second section summarizes arguments in opposition of the ban on tobacco advertising in Indian

Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized On The Federal Level

Should Same Sex Marriage Be Legalized on the Federal Level? Ashley Nicole Beals Professor Calicdan-Apostle The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Race, Ethnicity, Diversity December 8,2014 Debate Paper Abstract Regardless of anyone s genetic background, religious affiliations, American or not everyone should be entitled to the ultimate privilege to marry the one they love. Understandingly, although marriage is seen as a clear act under God more than anything it is a legally binding contract which molds two people together. Thus, refusing to marry couples of the same sex strictly violates†¦show more content†¦This paper will explore both sides of the never ending battle to ultimately either let love live or forbid it. It is easy to say that those who oppose same sex marriage fail to realize that love is love. It is not biased, it is colorless, seeks no particular shape or gender, Love is simply universal. Therefore, same sex marriage should be legalized at the federal level because it is not only a constitutional right but, it is also a logical reason driven by the supposed division of church and state. Same-sex couples should be allowed to publicly celebrate their commitment in the same way as heterosexual couples do. For those who stand against same sex couples right to marry many of them fail to realize that many of these couples have spent their lives with their significant other. Those years range from as little as 5 year to as big as 50 years. Nonetheless, same-sex couples only want the same honor and recognition as heterosexual couples get from society instead of being stun from the world. Not to mention, the denial of sex marriage only stigmatizes the LGBTQ families as inferior. Which in turns, sends out the globalized massage that it is okay to discriminate agonist the members in that community. Thus, on February 3, 2014 the Massachusetts Supreme Court stated, Offering civil unions was not an acceptable alternative to gay marriage because

Determinants Factors Influencing Australian â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Determinants Factors Influencing Australian? Answer: Introduction Trade is an important activity for all economies whether developed or underdeveloped. According to OBrien (2015), trade has been and remains to be an important economic activity to the Australian economy; it has experienced a strong growth in the recent years. Most economies fail to have sufficient resources to produce all the goods required to meet the populations demand. This creates a need to source for goods from other countries that have surpluses. However, this does not mean that the resources are insufficient in all the economies; some economies have more resources to produce certain types of good and less for the production of others. This introduces the concept of specialization which will be important theory to explain the importance of international trade. We shall see that this is where a country produces goods that is more efficient in producing and trades them for those that its inefficient in producing. The paper shall show some of the goods the Australian economy is s ufficient in producing and those that it sources from other economies. Specialization also introduces the concept of importation and exportation; this is the exchange of goods between countries and earns the trading country a foreign exchange. It is more profitable for a country to export more than it imports because exportation is a source of income while importation is an expenditure. The difference between the exportation and importation of goods introduces the concept of balance of payment. An economy with increasing balance of payment is considered to be more efficient in production. Most of the world economies are running at a balance of payment deficit (they are importing more than their exportation of output). The exchange rate determines the attractiveness of either imports or exports. Since exchange rate is an important factor in international trading, this paper shall also determine the factors influencing the exchange rate. International trading has both positive and negative impacts, this has created a need for regulation. The paper shall analyze the various trade restrictions that the government imposes on international trading and the reasons for the same. The importance of international trade has resulted in economies adjusting their terms of trade (Gans et al, 2015); Australian terms of trade has improved over the years. The Reason for Economies Engaging in Trade According to Ortiz-Ospina Roser (2017), the desirability of free international trade is raised by the fact that it allows for specialization. By this, economies benefit because they only produce goods that are more efficient for them to produce and import the others. This is the origination of comparative advantage where the gains from trade are supported; this is the exchange that allows countries to produce what they produce best and import what they dont (Mankiw, 2015). There is some empirical evidence that trade does not lead to improvement in aggregate economic growth; it creates both winners and losers among the countries; so trade liberalizations have distributional consequences that has to be considered. The development of trade can be attributed to the advancement in technology and the globalization of world economies. Importation and Exportation China has been the largest source of Australian merchandize importation (Dfat.gov.au, 2014). Since the mid-2000s there has been a significant increase in the import of merchandize from China. This merchandize include computers and telecommunications equipment and Clothing. The following are the top five imports for the Australian economy; personal travel services, crude petroleum, refined petroleum, passenger motor vehicles and freight services. The major items of Australian exportation as at 2013 is the; iron ores concentrates, coal, natural gas, education related travels and personal travel services. Minerals and fuels constitutes of the greatest proportion of the Australian exportation sector. This economys export of natural gas has growth significantly; Australia is considered one of the largest exporter of liquefied natural gas. Determinants of Exchange Rate Other than inflation and interest rate, the other importance economic factor that determines the countrys economic health level is the exchange rate. The level of trade in an economy is mainly determined by the exchange rate; it is important to the whole world of free market economy. Owing to this reason, the exchange rate is often put into consideration such that it is most watched, analyzed and manipulated by the government as an economic measure. Exchange rate does not only matter on a large scale, but also on a small scale; the investors real return from portfolios is impacted by the exchange rate. The trading relationship between two nations is affected by the exchange rate in the following ways. One is that in the foreign market, exports are made more expensive and imports cheaper by a rise in the countrys currency. On the contrary in the same market, exports are made cheaper and imports expensive when the countrys currency falls. The countrys balance of payment is increased by the lower exchange rate but is lowered by the high exchange rate. Spivak (2017) noted that there has been some rise in the value of the Australian Dollar; this will impact the Australian economy in that imports will be made cheaper and exports expensive. The balance of trade will improve. The exchange rate is determined by numerous factors; all the factors are related to two trading countries relationship. The exchange rates are expressed as a relative comparison of two currencies that are involved in trade. The following are the major factors that influence the movements of the exchange rate. Differentials in inflation For a country that has been consistently been experiencing a low inflation rate, its purchasing power rises; this rise causes an increase in the currencys value relative to that of other countries. Countries like Germany, Japan and Switzerland has been having a low inflation rate on the last half of the twentieth century. Canada and the U.S. are some of the economies that later achieved the low inflation. Higher inflation has caused a depreciation of these economies currency in relation to their trading partner countries. High interest rate also accompanies this depreciation of currency. Differentials in interest rate - There is a high correlation between exchange rate, inflation and the interest rate. The manipulation of the interest rate by the central bank influences both the exchange rate and the inflation rate; inflation and the values of currency is impacted by the changing interest rates. Lenders in an economy experiencing higher interest rates enjoy greater returns relative to those in countries with lower interest rate. Thus, foreign capital is attracted by higher interest rate and the exchange rate is forced to rise. However, the intensity of the impact of interest rate on the exchange rate is dependent on the economys inflation rate. If an economy is experiencing a relative high interest rate, and at the same time have a relatively higher inflation rate, the impact is mitigated. This is also the case when there is an additional factor that could drive down the currency. Similarly, a lower interest rate forces the exchange rate to decrease. The inflation ra te also helps in mitigating the impact of low interest rate. It has already been noted that a lower inflation rate raises the value of the currency; thus, if an economy is experiencing a relative lower interest rate, and at the same time having a relatively lower inflation rate, the impact is mitigated. Current account deficit This is the balance of trade recorded by a country from trading with its trading partners. It reflects all the payments that were made between countries; the payment include; goods, services, dividends and interest. A deficit is the contrary of surplus where exports exceeds imports. A current account deficit is a representation of an increased countrys spending on foreign trade relative to what the country is earning from international trade (a deficit occurs when a country imports more than it exports and this is not good for the health of the economy. In order to make up for the deficit, the country borrows more capital from the foreign sources. This means that a current account deficit makes a country to require more currency from the foreign sources that what is received when it sells its exports. Other than receiving less from exporting, the economy supplies more currency to the foreign market to obtain products; this is more than the foreigners demand. According to Bergen (2017), the countrys exchange rate is lowered by the increased demand for the foreign currency; this happens until the domestic goods and services become cheaper for the foreigners, and the foreign assets become too expensive for the generation of sales for domestic interests. The Australian economy has been operating at a deficit for most of the years for the past 50 years. This has been attributed by the importation of goods and services exceeding the exportation of commodities and services. As at 2015, the exportation level was way lower than the importation level. The impact of this on the Australian economy is a reduction in the exchange rate. Public debt Large-scale deficit financing lifts the level of public debt. Countries use these financing for government funding and paying for the public sector projects. This is one of the ways in which domestic economy is stimulated. However, foreign investors are less attracted to nations with huge debts and public deficits. This is because large debts are believed to cause inflation; when the inflation rate rises, the servicing of the debt will involve future repayment with cheap real dollars. The scenario may be worse if the government makes a decision to repay a large debt by printing more money; this would raise the economys money supply and the inflation rate will rise. Further, the government may be forced to raise the securities supply to be sold to the foreigners if it is unable to use the domestic means to service its deficit (the domestic means may include increasing of the money supply or the selling of government bonds). If the securities supply is raise, the security price falls. Lastly, if foreign investors believe that a country is at a risk of defaulting on its obligations on a large debt, they become more worrisome. The willingness of foreign investors to own securities dominated by such a countrys currency falls since there is high risk of default. Based on this argument, the countrys debt rating is an important determinant of the exchange rate for its trade. Terms of Trade It is related to the balance of payment and the current accounts; it is a ratio used in the comparison of export to import prices. If a countrys exports price exceed that of its imports, it can be said to have an improved terms of trade. Terms of trade are considered to be lower when a countrys import price exceeds that of its exports. An increased demand for a countrys exports is an indicator of improved terms of trade. If the demand for exports fall, this is an indicator of decreased terms of trade. Increased terms of trade results in an increased revenue from exports and the countrys currency rise in demand (the currencys value increase). If the exports price rises by a rate smaller than the rise in imports price, there will be a fall in the currencys value relative to all its trading partners. The Australian terms of trade were lower in the 1980s and 90s. However, the graph above shows that there is an increased terms of trade in the 20th century. The trend for the Australian terms if trade is thus sloping upwards. The highest level of terms of trade was recorded in 2011. Political Stability and Economic Performance Economic performance is a major factor considered by foreign investors when they are making decisions on where to invest their capital; they always find strong economic performance to be more attractive; these economies are considered to be more stable. Investors always avoid investing on economies perceived to be persistent in economic and political risks. A country with positive attributes (less or no political and economic risks) draw the attention of foreign investors. For instance, a political turmoil may result in confidence on a currency being lost consequently resulting in the movement of capital to countries that are more stable. Trade Restrictions The Australian government imposes trade restrictions on imports as a strategy to protect the domestic producers. Since the Australian economy is being faced by a rising unemployment problem the government impose the restrictions on importation so that the domestic producers may be able to get enough market for their produce and at a higher price that would enable them to expand and create more jobs. The trade restrictions are in such a way that a quota is imposed on imports. This makes imports more expensive and thus results in less demand for imports. This action does not benefit either of the two trading countries. This is because the domestic consumers lose in that there is a reduced supply and thus they are forced to buy the goods at a higher price. The exporting country losses a market share and thus loses a significant amount of foreign exchange. Pattern of trade of China with Australia The relationship between Australia and China started long time ago. The immigration from China to Australia started in the 19th century. Later, Australia started offering pay education to the Chinese and this has increased the flow of Chinese to Australia (Inglis, 2012). China has signed several trade agreements with China in an attempt to boost trade between the two economies. The initial biggest trading partners before the integration with China were Northern America and Europe. The integration shifted the market to Asia-pacific countries. Integration of China with Australia in terms of trade The integration of Australian with China has greatly improved (more). This is because the connection between the two countries has been raised. Ceipps (2017) noted that there was a proposal by China to include the development plant in northern Australia in its ambitious one belt, One Road Initiative. This will facilitate cross-border trade. The Asia-Pacific countries receives many goods and services from Northern Australia; these also includes mineral and agricultural products. This has already developed a trade gateway for the whole of Australia. The potential inclusion of northern Australia in the Chinas One Belt, One Road is a wider economic integration with the Asia-pacific that has been enabled by the free trade agreements, and also the China-Australia free trade agreement (Ceipps, 2017). Australian terms of trade and composition in China There has been an evolvement in the composition and direction of Australian trade over the past 40 years. This has been as a result of a shift in both the global economic climate and the Australian economy. In the 1960s, North America and Europe were the major markets for both the Australian imports and exports. However, due to increased terms of trade with the Asian countries, the sourcing has geographically shifted to Asia. The proportion that Asia contributes to the Australian imports and exports (two-way trade of goods and services) is over 60% (Dfat.gov.au, 2014). China is one of the largest economy in China and a great trader partner with Australia. The 200 Changes of terms of Trade between Australia and China There significant improvement in the terms of trade between Australia and China as has provided in the analysis above. In 2005-06 China became the largest source of Australian imports; this was after a growth of 51% from 2003-04; the trade deficit was 8% (Abs.gov.au, 2007). In 2006-07, the demand for Australian minerals by China was so strong; the export for these minerals more than doubled the 2003-04 record. This caused the Australian mineral industry to be in a boom and the trade deficit was 4%. China was then considered to be the second largest Australian export market after Japan. Impacts of the increased terms of trade on Australian economy The growth of the Australian economy has accelerated in the recent few years owing to the increased integration with China. China has rose to be a prosperous economy and has raised its demand for Australian goods and services. The Australian economy has been noted to grow by 23% within the past decade due to the improvement in trade with China. There was a cut in the Chinas trading tariff which saw a doubling of the Australian export in the first 3 quarters of 2016. The signing of the free trade agreement between Australia and China according to Garnaut (2017), is expected to remove trading tariffs and much benefits are expected to flow to Australia. Conclusion International trade is an important driver of growth in the Australian economy. Trade in Australia has a big contribution to its gross domestic product. In the recent years, growth of trade in Australia has improved. There has been an increased terms of trade between Australia and the Asian economies which has contributed to much of its two way trade shifting from North America and Europe to Asia. China is the largest Australian trade partner. The prosperity of China has led to an accelerated growth in the Australian economy. The two countries are expected to continue improving in terms of their trade owing to the proposal laid out by the Chinese economy on its intended integration with Northern Australia. The real return from a portfolio is determined by the currencys exchange rate in which that portfolios bulk of investment are held. The purchasing power of income is decreased by a declining exchange rate; the capital gains from any returns are also reduced. The exchange rate has been deducted to influence the income factors like inflation, interest rate, and capital gains derived from domestic securities. There are numerous complex factors determining the exchange rate. Investors should have an understanding of how their investments rate of return is influenced by exchange rates and the currency values. References Abs.gov.au. (2007). 5368.0 - International Trade in Goods and Services, Australia, Oct 2007. Abs.gov.au. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/0/618AFF5416C64078CA2573E9001016FE?OpenDocument. Bergen, J. (2017). 6 Factors That Influence Exchange Rates. Investopedia. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.investopedia.com/articles/basics/04/050704.asp. Carbaugh, R. (2015). International Economics, 15th Ed. Australia: Cengage Learning. Ceipps, T. (2017). Australian trade and investment to benefit from Belt and Road. Theaustralian.com.au. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/opinion/australian-trade-and-investment-to-benefit-from-belt-and-road/news-story/0651724103f5e11d4f56a204c42df580. Dfat.gov.au. (2014). Fifty years of Australias trade. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/fifty-years-of-Australias-trade.pdf. Gans, King, Stonecash Mankiw. (2015). Principles of Economics. Australia: Cengage Learning. Garnaut, J. (2014). The six main benefits from a free trade agreement with China. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.smh.com.au/federal-politics/political-news/the-six-main-benefits-from-a-free-trade-agreement-with-china-20141111-11kkh9.html. Inglis, C. (2012). Australia and China- Linked by Migration. Sydney.edu.au. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://sydney.edu.au/china_studies_centre/china_express/issue_2/features/australia_and_china.shtml. Krugman, Obstfeld Melitz. (2011). International Economics: Theory and Policy (9th Ed). Pearson Addison Wesley. Mankiw, G. (2015) Essentials of Economics (7th Ed), Australia: Cengage Learning. OBrien, G. (2015). Australias trade in figures. Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/BriefingBook45p/AustraliaTrade. Ortiz-Ospina, E., Roser, M. (2017). International Trade. Our World in Data. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://ourworldindata.org/international-trade. Salvatore, Dominick. (2013). International Economics (13th Ed). John Wiley Sons. Spivak, I. (2017). Australian, New Zealand Dollars May Extend Gains in Risk-On Trade. Dailyfx.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://www.dailyfx.com/forex/fundamental/daily_briefing/session_briefing/euro_open/2017/07/19/Australian-New-Zealand-Dollars-May-Extend-Gains-in-Risk-On-Trade.html. Tradingeconomics.com. (2017). Australia Terms of Trade. Tradingeconomics.com. Retrieved 30 September 2017, from https://tradingeconomics.com/australia/terms-of-trade.