Conclusions And Future Scope Engineering Essay

Conclusions And Future Scope Engineering Essay In the integrated circuit industry, the ceaseless effort to decrease critical transistor dimensions in each new technology guarantees that the prominence of electrostatic discharge will continue to grow. Devising ways to protect electronic devices against ESD is just as important as determining how to process and manufacture them because a product with susceptibility to damage will not be accepted. As a result of increasing susceptibility of devices to ESD because of miniaturization, the problem of ESD is now being dealt by most IC manufacturers and electronic system designers at several levels, from designing on-chip protection circuits to off chip protection design for systems. Once an IC is packaged and shipped to a customer, however, the in-built, on-chip protection circuit is the only means of defense against ESD damage. At the system level, the on-chip protection may not be sufficient to handle the system level ESD exposure. So off-chip or on-board protection devices are necess ary to protect the system from real world ESD. While circuit designers have successfully created robust ESD protection for past technologies, a lack of understanding of effects of ESD on various devices, circuits and systems; the mechanisms underlying ESD damage makes the susceptibility of electronic components to ESD still a hot topic of research. Mathematical analysis and estimation to calculate the induced transient voltages in shielded and unshielded cables is presented. This enables us to find the induced voltage and its rise time appearing at the terminals of the electrical equipment which are connected to such cables. This enables the designers to design protection circuits at the front-end of the equipment. The effect of ESD on logic gates, analog circuits, digital circuits, microcontrollers and complex electronics are presented. This chapter presents the contributions of this thesis toward implementing a methodology of characterization of the effects of indirect and direct ESD on various electronic components. Also the implementation of the board design and protection circuits on a custom designed microcontroller board based on an understanding of the ESD failure mechanisms of various devices and circuits is presented. This chapter covers the future scope on the research work carried out on ESD. The following results and conclusions have been arrived upon. 8.1 Overall Conclusions Mathematical equations have been developed and are implemented in MATLAB by which the coupled and induced voltages in unshielded and shielded cables can be calculated. The values of the induced voltages obtained agree with the published results by different authors. For contact discharge ESD, higher induced voltages are observed upto 10 MHz for CSD, upto 2.5 MHz for air discharge and in the 20 to 100 MHz range for all the three terminations resistive, RC shunt and CMOS device. The induced voltages are higher in the case of contact discharge compared to air discharge or CSD. The induced voltage in an unshielded cable increases with the decrease in the rise time and distance, and increase in the peak amplitude and the damping factor for the CSD current model. The peak value of the induced voltage due to IEC contact discharge ESD at 8 kV for resistive termination is 625V and 7.8 mV for RC shunt termination. The peak value of the induced voltage due to IEC air discharge ESD at 16 kV is 6.25 V and 3.25 mV for RC shunt termination. The peak value of the induced voltage at the input of a CMOS device is 14 V for contact discharge and 0.6 V for air discharge. It can be inferred that RC shunt terminations are preferred compared to the resistive or CMOS device termination as the induced voltages are in mV range. In case of shielded cable, a generic program in Visual C++ to compute the induced voltages for varying parameters of the current waveform, length, height of the cable and angle of incidence has been implemented. This can also be used to calculate induced voltages for different cable configurations. Using MATLAB, the data imported from Visual C++ is used to calculate induced voltages. The equations developed give the voltages induced whose values are in close agreement with those published by other authors. The induced voltages are investigated for braided and unbraided shielded cables. The induced voltage and current in the center conductor is larger for a braided cable compared to a non-braided cable. This analysis estimates the transient voltages appearing at the input of the system connected to the shielded cable. This estimate can be used to develop appropriate mitigation techniques to protect the sensitive system that is connected to the shielded cable. It has been calculated by simulation that in shielded cables, the voltages induced due to radiated ESD is negligible thereby reinforcing the theory that shielded cables can protect equipment from high frequency radiated fields due to ESD. The effect of variation of the parameters such the cable length, height of the cable above the ground plane and the angle of incidence of the ESD pulse has been discussed. The peak amplitude of the cable sheath current decreases correspondingly with decrease in the length of the cable. This change in the occurrence of the peak is due to smaller value of inductance in case of shorter cables as compared to long cables. The peak amplitude of the cable sheath current correspondingly decreases with increase in the height of the cable. The sheath current decreases with the increase in angle of incidence, as the induced current is function of cos  Ã‚ ±i. The induced voltage in turn depends upon sheath current and surface transfer impedance of the cable. The induced voltages for a shielded cable of length 1m, height 0.1m and angle of incidence 30o are 1.4-10-8V for braided and 6.6-10-16V for non braided cable as presented in Table 3.3. Mathematical analysis is used to model the response of Very High Frequency amplifier to ESD generated radiated EM fields. Using MATLAB the effect of the radiated fields on the induced voltages in a VHF amplifier for various distances from the ESD source is calculated. It is observed that a greater part of the energy due to ESD simulation currents has frequency components in the range of 200 to 400 MHz extending to the VHF and UHF bands. So the VHF amplifier is susceptible to ESD events in this frequency range. If the distance between the ESD generator and the pickup antenna is decreased, the peak magnitude of the voltage coupled to the amplifier input terminals increases. The amplitude of the fields at antenna terminals, open circuit voltage at antenna input terminals, voltage at the input and output of the amplifier decreases sharply with increase in distance from ESD source. It has been observed that the induced voltages at the amplifier input terminals can be as high as 7.446 V with a rise time of approximately 1 ns for a distance of 0.5 m between the ESD generator and the pickup antenna as given in Table 4.1. This can cause malfunction of the electronic circuitry inside the amplifier. The spice circuit modeling with transient analysis concurs with the experimental results for air discharge on analog circuits. The zero crossing detector built with an opamp is more susceptible to ESD when compared to the RC phase shift oscillator built with discrete components. It is experimentally verified and the modeling also revealed that the oscillator circuit using discrete components took some time to come back to its initial working condition after the ESD discharge due to the slow discharge of the charges accumulated. In the indirect discharge it is seen that the ESD effect depends on both distance and discharge voltage. Higher discharge voltage and shorter distances produce larger transients and distortions in analog circuits. Direct air discharge of 15kV at the ZCD input damaged the opamp but the oscillator recovered after 750 µs. Direct air discharge of 15kV at oscillator output affects the output of oscillator for 1.4ms. The ZCD output remains high till the sine wave output of oscillator circuit recovers. The spice modeling also give the same results for discharge at oscillator output. In the radiative coupling the transient appearing on the ZCD output could be due to differential mode and the common mode could not be investigated. In the direct air discharge conducted at the input point of the ZCD circuit, there could be two types of coupling the direct capacitor coupling to circuit and near field coupling for the common mode. In this case also the common mode was not investigated, so the transients shown are only differential mode. In the direct air discharge at oscillator output, the differential mode and common mode transients were seen. But the voltage probes and current probes of high voltage and low rise time of 1ns range with an accuracy of less than 5% were not available. Hence the initial rise time and the maximum amplitude of the transient could not be measured experimentally with good accuracy. The digital switching circuit without decoupling capacitors at Vcc malfunctioned when an ESD event occurred at a distance of 35 cm from the circuit. The transient affected only the data stream and the circuit stopped functioning. Post discharge analysis revealed that Binary counter IC SN74LS393N had failed functionally (all output pins were malfunctioning). The importance of adding decoupling capacitors to the supply point of each of the ICs is verified. Experiments carried out to study the response of data to ESD in a digital switching circuit with decoupling capacitors at Vcc reveal that the effect of ESD on the data and clock depends on the position of trigger and also the plane of coupling. During discharge onto the horizontal coupling plane (HCP), the instance of occurrence of the discharge (when Data and Clock are High or Low) played an important role on the effect of ESD on the output data stream. When both data and clock are High, increase in data amplitude or data inversion occurs and also there is increase in the amplitude of clock. The distance at which the pulse is discharged onto the HCP reflects on the amplitude of the transient. During discharge onto the vertical coupling plane (VCP) there is a loss of data and transient with more than 50V peak amplitude is introduced. The discharge to VCP affected the digital data more than the discharge to HCP. Experiments are also carried out by varying the values of decoupling capacitors in the digital switching circuit and it is observed that smaller the value of decoupling capacitor, the more susceptible the circuit becomes to ESD. The decoupling capacitor with higher value of capacitance (0.47 µF) offered better immunity to ESD in our digital circuit because of its ability to pass only lower frequencies thereby rejecting the high frequency ESD transients. Experimental investigations of the TTL and CMOS logic gates reveal that CMOS devices are more susceptible to ESD than TTL devices due to the presence of a dielectric media in CMOS devices which can easily breakdown at high voltages. The output of CMOS logic gates deteriorated after ESD stress and did not recover after reset. It is verified experimentally that the susceptibility of a circuit to ESD in the mixed mode circuit can be greatly reduced by properly grounding it. In the mixed mode circuit used, the data is affected more by transients of various voltages based on the discharge voltage given when the analog and digital grounds are common. This reiterates the fact, when the analog and digital grounds are common the high frequency return paths from the digital ground (astable multivibrator circuit using 555 Timer) reach the analog ground (inverting amplifier using opamp) and affect the output. In the mixed mode circuit used when the analog and digital grounds are separated there are no transients due to ESD in the analog output. Hence separate analog and digital grounds are recommended. Direct air discharge of 12 kV twice on the GPIO pin of the custom designed 8 bit microcontroller diagnostic circuit resulted in the impedance of the board becoming very low implying there is a dead short between the VDD and the VSS rails of the microcontroller. The microcontroller shut itself down by enabling the thermal shutdown feature. The failure of all the three designed diagnostic tests involving digital ports, UART and PWM channels are observed. It is observed that the failure in the 8-bit microcontroller is through the Vcc and Ground pins when the ESD event was closer to these pins. This may be because of the capacitor across Vcc and Ground discharging into these pins due to the ESD event. For the ESD event at other pins, mostly malfunction was observed. The MSP430 launchPad with 16 bit microcontroller is quite immune to ESD owing to its inbuilt design and ESD considerations. This is confirmed experimentally by performing indirect and direct ESD tests at specified standard voltages. However direct contact discharge of 8kV given to the Tx-Rx pins of the jumper array resulted in the damage of the communication port of the 16 bit microcontroller MSP 430G2231 IC. The microcontroller MSP 430G2231 is found to be not communicating with the software and the program is not executable. The communication port (Rx-Tx pins) needs protection in the form of TVS diodes. The 8 bit microcontroller system configured to do a diagnostic check of its functioning during an ESD event had no extra on-board protection devices other than the on- chip protection. The 8 bit microcontroller did not withstand the IEC recommended up to 15kV air discharge perhaps because it was designed on a two layer PCB board. The MSP 430 launch pad with the 16 bit microcontroller on a four layer PCB was designed keeping in mind the ESD considerations. The 16 bit microcontroller also did not withstand the IEC recommended upto 8kV contact discharge at the communication port perhaps because of lack of extra protection. Continuous discharges on 8 bit microcontroller led to its thermal shutdown. But the continuous discharges on the 16 bit and 32 bit did not result in thermal shutdown perhaps because it was designed on four layer boards. All the observations from the previous tests and conclusions are put to use in the custom designed four layer board with 32 bit microcontroller interfaced with various components like the UART, audio interface, USB, LCD display and key matrix. All the standard design rules for PCB design are followed in the custom designed microcontroller test boards one populated with components having in-built on-chip protection and another board with extra off-chip on-board protection devices. In the custom designed 32 bit microcontroller system on four layer board it is observed that the placement of components on the board and board design played an important role in the systems sturdiness to ESD. The adherence to standard design rules such as split ground and power planes; proper component placement to minimize loop area; power supply decoupling using ferrite beads and decoupling capacitors; placement of connectors, user interfaces and output devices at the edges of the board; separating analog and digital sections has made the microcontroller boards quite rigid against ESD. Also the on-board protection devices at strategic locations such as the input/output, data and power points, communication port and at the input points of the interfaces in the custom designed 32 bit microcontroller system plays a vital role in the robustness of the system. The adherence to standard design rules has made the microcontroller board with components having in-built on-chip protection also quite rigid against ESD. The board with on-chip protection is affected by ESD with problems like malfunction or reset on power on with a damaged LCD interface module. The other board has extra on-board protection devices like ferrite bead used to isolate the noisy digital section from the analog section, decoupling capacitors for power supply decoupling, schottky diode used for ESD protection of USB and TVS diodes used at input points of microcontroller, LCD display, audio amplifier, UART and USB. The board with extra on-board protection devices has only temporary resets and is hardly affected by ESD, and the interface modules are also functioning normally. So experimentally it has been concluded that with adherence to board design and just in-built, on-chip protection the damages are mitigated but malfunctions occur which only recover on hard reset on pow er ON whereas with extra on-board protection devices included, the damages are completely eliminated, malfunctions are reduced and only temporary reset occurs. It can be concluded that not only standard board design rules need to be implemented it is also necessary to provide on-board protection against ESD by choosing appropriate protection devices and placing them at appropriate and strategic locations like the input pins and supply pins of the device. Experiments of direct air discharge are conducted on the insulators in FPGA/CPLD kit like seven segment LED display, LCD and FRC, and contact discharge conducted on the metal points like the switches, pins and the mounting screws. An air discharge of 8 kV on Liquid Crystal Display distorts the data but resets with power ON and an air discharge of 15kV damages the data on the LCD which cannot be restored on reset. An air discharge of 2kV and 4kV had no effect whereas an air discharge of 8 kV and 15 kV distorted the output on seven segment LED display but the display reset to normal with power ON. A contact discharge of 2 kV and 4kV on the HEX keys feeding the data to seven segment display had no effect but a contact discharge of 8 kV shorted the keys which in turn displayed wrong display data. All these devices had only on-chip protection by the manufacturer and these devices needed off-chip, on-board protection devices to make them less susceptible to ESD. Huge transients are observed when air discharge is carried out on the FRC cables connected to the DAC module. When a contact discharge of 2 kV is given on the input pin 187 of the mother baseboard the DAC output voltage reduces. FPGA 3s50 IC is affected during this contact discharge on the input pin. The DAC ICs are affected during the ESD discharge one due to direct ESD effects and the other due to indirect ESD effects. CPLD 9572 IC is also affected by ESD. Because of the ESD discharge in the surrounding and on the input pin of the FPGA/CPLD kit, the ceramic capacitor in the SMPS power supply connected to the kit has shorted and found to be damaged. This is an after-effect observed after the ESD test. The damaged capacitor has been instrumental in contributing to the damage of the FPGA and CPLD ICs. Decapping of the FPGA and CPLD ICs confirmed the failure of these ICs due to ESD. The input/output pin bond pad and the metatop layer of FPGA 3s50 IC is damaged and there is dielectric breakdown observed in CPLD 9572 IC which makes these devices highly susceptible to ESD. Future Scope Much effort has been put into characterizing the effect and impact of ESD on individual ICs, on different designed circuits and few systems such as FPGA/CPLD kit, microcontroller units with various interfaces. However, less time has been spent in modeling all of these circuits/systems and to observe their behavior towards ESD using simulation tools. An effort in mathematical modeling and simulation has however been done with susceptibility of electronic system and cables due to radiated ESD fields. Also circuit modeling has been done for the analog circuits. The experimental based conducted susceptibility tests on various electronic components have resulted in some new results. Some of these results have reiterated some of the known facts and some results have given rise to new thoughts in implementing ESD protected circuit/system. ESD threat level variation to electronic components depends on the discharge voltage of ESD source, discharge point, structure and design of the component. ESD threat to components mounted in systems may significantly vary from the threat to unmounted, individual components. New models need to be designed to predict the condition while the device is working in the system and using the computer simulations it is necessary to predict the ESD voltage, power and energy threats to system-mounted component. This is one area where the experimental results can be compared with the simulated results and the source of the threat, the point of discharge and its impact on the system can be confirmed. Also new protection schemes can be adapted to make the system less susceptible to ESD. Another area of interest where ESD tests can be conducted is in the area of high speed radio frequency (RF) circuits and systems. As the demand for wireless (RF) and high-speed mixed-signal systems continues to increase rapidly, providing sufficient ESD protection for these systems poses a major design and reliability challenge. This is due to the fact that in applying ESD protection to these systems, the protection system must be transparent the protection circuit must not affect the signal under normal operating conditions. A poorly designed protection system can generate impedance mismatches, causing reflections of signals, corruption of signal integrity, and inefficient power transfer between the signal pin and the core circuit. Broadband RF system protection because of ESD parasitic capacitance poses a greater challenge; alternate protection schemes may be necessary. This necessitates us to first understand effect of ESD on these high speed RF systems. However, there is little published information that provides performance analysis of RF circuits with various ESD protection design options scheme, which is attractive for operations in the multi-GHz regime.

Essay example --

†¢ Establish topic and connection with audience. †¢ Establish credibility on the topic and then preview the main points. †¢ Preview the key points in the body of the outline (at least 3 main points). †¢ Summarize and conclude with a closure device. †¢ Include at least 1 peer reviewed source with proper citations. My Favorite Moment Speech – 3 minutes †¢ Describe a favorite moment. †¢ Demonstrate your comprehension of basic tools of an address. †¢ Imagine you are asked by your boss to present this Favorite Moment to a group (general group at your employment). Your boss asks you: Can you make that speech tomorrow? You say â€Å"Yes, of course.† †¢ Decide on a moment in your life which best exemplifies who you are and/or wish to be and then use â€Å"the moment† as evidence. †¢ Present clearly and follow your outline. Demonstration Speech Outline †¢ Two (2) pages that describe what you are going to demonstrate. †¢ You are researching a topic unfamiliar to you and gaining a general understanding and passing it along to the audience. †¢ Imagine you are asked to make a demonstration speech but there is no classroom or ballroom. †¢ Approximately 25 people are called together and you are asked immediately to make this demonstration speech. Where do you go? How do you pull them together? What is your course of action? †¢ Identify greeting and attention getting device. †¢ Establish topic and connection with audience. †¢ Establish credibility on the topic and then preview the main points. †¢ Preview the key points in the body of the outline (at least 3 main points). †¢ Summarize and conclude with a closure device. †¢ Include at least 2 peer reviewed sources with proper citations. Demonstration Speech – 5 minutes †¢ Decide on a topic that you wan... ...estion. The paper must be a minimum of 5 pages in length (double-spaced and with a type font no larger than 12 pts.) and must include at least 3 sources, each of which must be cited within the text of the document using the MLA style. The paper must use at least 2 primary sources, including no less than 1 source from an academically recognized journal or book located in the database of the college’s Learning Resource System. The paper may use no more than 1 secondary source. A properly formatted Works Cited page must also be provided. The value of the paper is 50 points. Assessment of the paper will be based on the points and rubric described in the syllabus. Once graded, the number of points earned will be added to the student’s cumulative total for the course. 1. Paper 1- Choose a speech in Chapter 3 of the Glover book, which focus on knowing your audience.

Out of My Comfort Zone

The whole month my friends have been continuously asking me to come ice skate with them. I had denied them several times, because I felt very uneasy going on a low friction surface on metal skates and was almost sure I would fall flat on my face. Public skate bothered me even more because I knew there would be several people there watching me, and potentially getting in the way of my skating. When the group decided to each get out of our comfort zones, I realized I should go with my friends this weekend, even though I felt very uncomfortable. Upon putting my skates on, I wasn’t sure what I was doing, and it took me a couple minutes to finally step out onto the ice. I held on to the railing for a long time, and my friend told me that was no way to learn something new, and that I should go in head first without being scared of failure. I felt ridiculous for caring so much, and let go and started skating around. I came to realize it was extremely similar to roller skating, and started enjoying it. When small children or fast skaters came by me, I was still a bit uneasy and would stop or slow down, but I realized it wasn’t as bad as I made it. Having everyone support me and show me tricks to go faster or make turns was very encouraging. I realized there were actually very many beginners during public skate that were going even slower than me. I didn’t feel so alone and realized I shouldn’t have chickened out for so long. My main fears were being out of control, that I would fail, or be embarrassed. Sometimes these things would pop up a bit, but in the end the experience gave me motivation to try new things and to wipe away the fear. It’s hard to grow and learn without taking risks, so I was proud I did it. To many it may have seemed like a small situation, but for me personally it was a bold step. Taking small bold steps may lead me to take larger more uncomfortable steps to get ahead. I realized that very few of the decisions or actions that you take are life or death. If you look at challenges through that lens it becomes much easier to step out of your comfort zone. As a concluding thought, I feel that if people don’t challenge themselves, chances are they will be drifting. If you want to be known as a leader, you need to be the first one to step outside of the box.

Beowulf A Man Of Great Power Essay - 1567 Words

Literary epics tend to follow the basic path in their plotlines of a hero who undergoes a quest, and Beowulf is no different. Beowulf is unique in that his tale is split into two stories taking place decades apart, one when he is a young warrior and the other when he is an old and wise king. Both stories follow the basic structure for a literary epic, a talented hero is charged with a quest, proves himself with a smaller feat, is aided by supplementary characters, enters a foreign and often supernatural environment, faces near-defeat, recovers and triumphs, and then reaps the rewards of his endeavor. Another example of an epic with this structure is Homer’s Odyssey, which blatantly follows the established sequence of events in a hero s journey. Beowulf repeats the structure of an epic twice, the first being during his time in Heorot. Beowulf is introduced as a man of great power, as is common for protagonists of literary epics. The author states that, â€Å"There was no one else like him alive. / In his day, he was the mightiest man on earth, highborn and powerful (196-198). When Beowulf arrives in Heorot, he is tasked with defending the Shieldings from the threat posed by Grendel, which is the quest that a hero is often charged with in an epic. Beowulf proves himself worthy of defending Heorot when he defeats Grendel, dismembering him and driving him away from King Hrothgar’s hall, and is rewarded with the admiration of the Shieldings and even Hrothgar’s adoption. However,Show MoreRelated Beowulf: A Hero Essay782 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf: A Hero Beowulf is a hero during the Middle Ages because of his generosity, strength, power, and courage. A hero is one who places himself or herself at great risk while performing acts of courage. Beowulf is a hero that put his life on the line for an entire kingdom. He has heroic and superhuman qualities. He must prove his worthiness of a superior warrior. He is recognized for his strengths and power of protecting his people. Beowulf is faced with three forces to fight, Grendel (a monster)Read MoreFate in Beowulf1506 Words   |  7 Pagesof Faith in Beowulf A Twist of Fate for the Great Hero Beowulf Fate seems to be an ongoing theme in the works of Boethius and Beowulf. Whether it is a belief of Christian providence or pagan fatalism, the writers of these works are strongly moved by the concept of fate and how it affects the twists and turns of a persons life. Fate is most often seen as the course of events in a persons life that leads them to inevitable death at some time or another. Throughout the poem Beowulf, the charactersRead MoreBeowulf : Christian Or Pagan Epic?865 Words   |  4 PagesMichael Smith Waterman English 12 24 September 2015 Beowulf: Christian or Pagan Epic? Believe it or not, Thor was not just a fictional superhero that appeared in comics created by Marvel. 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These are hero stereotypes, with supernatural Read MoreEssay about Fate in Beowulf1489 Words   |  6 PagesFate in Beowulf A Twist of Fate for the Great Hero Beowulf Fate seems to be an ongoing theme in the works of Boethius and Beowulf. Whether it is a belief of Christian providence or pagan fatalism, the writers of these works are strongly moved by the concept of fate and how it affects the twists and turns of a person’s life. Fate is most often seen as the course of events in a person’s life that leads them to inevitable death at some time or another. Throughout the poem Beowulf, the charactersRead MoreHero and Beowulf1625 Words   |  7 Pageshonor to the end. In Beowulf, the author portrays the warrior Beowulf and his three battles in such a way as to clearly define what it means to be a hero. Fred Robinson and J. R. R. Tolkien addressed heroism in Beowulf regarding the warrior’s traits, as well as his battles and burial. The author of Beowulf defines the hero through Beowulf’s three battles with Grendel, Grendel’s mother, and the dragon. In this poem, each monster possesses a specific quality undesired by heroes. Beowulf battles anger/jealousyRead MoreBeowulf Analysis1236 Words   |  5 PagesKnowing Your Place In the poem Beowulf, the author shifts from Beowulf being an orphan to being a king, by incorporating underlying themes such as strength and skill, identity, and shift in power to demonstrate the importance of social structure and the adherence to the comitatus code between noblemen and thanes. The most important literary element that the poet utilizes is strength and skill for the reason that the better you are in combat the more respected you are and the greater your rewardsRead MoreBeowulf - The Immortal Hero Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pages The epic poem of Beowulf is a story filled with majesty and mourning. Heroes and villains, struggles and victory. Men die, all the time. Along with all of this there is an underlying theme ever present throughout the script. It is the basis for actions, the reason for such passion behind a mans own bloody sword, the lust in his hungry eyes for revenge and conquers. In this time where the afterlife is uncertain, and familiarity is only known t o a name, true heroism is the only assurance of identityRead MoreBeowulf Monster Vs Hero Essay1557 Words   |  7 Pagesheroic, does that cancel out their villainy? And vice versa? While Beowulf exhibits a multitude of heroic attributes, his undermining beast like qualities are hard to miss, and essentially pose the question to the reader: What is the relationship between monster and hero, and is there an overlap? The epic Beowulf blurs the lines between what it means to be a hero and villain through the manifestation of an â€Å"evil twin† story between Beowulf and Grendel. 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How to Identify the Theme of a Work of Literature

A theme is a central or underlying idea in literature, which may be stated directly or indirectly. All novels, stories, poems, and other literary works have at least one theme running through them. The writer may express insight about humanity or a worldview through a theme. Subject Versus Theme Dont confuse the subject of a work with its theme: The subject is a topic that acts as the foundation for a work of literature, such as marriage in 19th-century France.A  theme is an opinion the author expresses on the subject, for instance, the authors dissatisfaction with the narrow confines of French bourgeois marriage during that period. Major and Minor Themes There can be  major and minor themes in works of literature: A major theme is an idea that a writer repeats in his work, making it the most significant idea in a literary work.A minor theme, on the other hand, refers to an idea that appears in a work briefly and that may or may not give way to another minor theme. Read and Analyze the Work Before you attempt to identify the theme of a work, you must have read the work, and you should understand at least the basics of the plot, characterizations, and other literary elements. Spend some time thinking about the main subjects covered in work. Common subjects include coming of age, death and mourning, racism, beauty, heartbreak and betrayal, loss of innocence, and power and corruption. Next, consider what the authors view on these subjects might be. These views will point you toward the works themes. Heres how to get started. How to Identify Themes in a Published Work Note the plot of the work: Take a few moments to write down the main literary elements: plot, characterization, setting, tone, language style, etc. What were the conflicts in the work? What was the most important moment in the work? Does the author resolve the conflict? How did the work end?Identify the subject of the work: If you were to tell a friend what the work of  literature was about, how would you describe that? What would you say is the topic?Who is the protagonist (the main  character)?  How does he or she change? Does the protagonist affect other characters? How does this character relate to others?Assess the authors point of view: Finally, determine the authors view toward the characters and the choices they make. What might be the authors attitude toward the resolution of the main conflict? What message might the author be sending us? This message is the theme.  You may find clues in the  language  used, in quotes from main characters, or in the final resolut ion of the conflicts. Note that none of these elements (plot, subject, character, or point of view) constitute a theme in and of itself. But identifying them is an important first step in identifying a works major theme or themes.

Regulating Electronic Cigarettes Electronic Cigarette

Cerro Scherer and Tanner Abourezk Mrs. Houseberg Sophomore english 5 February 2015 Regulating Electronic cigarettes Electronic cigarettes, also known as e-cigs or vape pens are so often negatively looked upon as sources of addiction, rather than the health cigarette substitute they really are. E-cigarettes allow the delivery of nicotine to the blood without the nasty side effects caused by tars and carcinogens in traditional cigarettes. The electronic cigarette was patented by Herbert A. Gilbert in 1963, who lived in a society where smoking was generally accepted or even the norm but he saw the dangers of smoking tobacco and was one of the first to try to innovate alternate intake methods. 40 years later Han Lik, a chinese businessman, began to further expand on Herbert A. Gilberts idea of delivery of nicotine without the plethora of harmful chemicals in a lit cigarette. An electronic cigarette is a battery powered device often designed to look like a regular cigarette, inside the e-cig is an atomizer which heats up a liquid containing nicotine. When heated up the liquid becomes a vapor that can be inhaled, similar to cigarette smoke. The FDA (Federal Drug Agency) wants to regulate the sale and advertisement of e-cigs and require manufacturers to acquire an expensive medical license. If these regulations were put into place and enforced it would limit innovation and stifle innovation. Many of the e-cig companies are small or medium sized and family owned and ifShow MoreRelatedUsing Vaporizing Pens Are Becoming A Very Popular Trend Essay1330 Words   |  6 PagesThough still awaiting FDA approval, the electronic cigarette, or e-cigarette, is growing popularity among those attempting to quit smoking. Young people are using vaporizing pens as a â€Å"safe alternative† to smoking. This issue needs to be addressed. 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Case Study Of Congestive Heart Failure †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Case Study Of Congestive Heart Failure. Answer: Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified condition and how it can impact on the patient and family Causes There are several causes of Congestive Cardiac Failure (CHF) or simply Heart Failure. These can be categorized as follows; Coronary artery disease/heart attack: It encourages the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits) in the arteries that hinders the flow of blood and pave towards heart failure. Hypertension: Hypertension is generally diagnosed with high blood pressure. It is an exaggeration to mention that if the blood pressure is high, the heart have to perform more and due to that exertion, the muscles might be afflicted with stiffness or fatigue, which can affect the efficiency of blood pumping. Cardiomyopathy: Cardiomyopathy can referred as severe damage of the heart muscle. Excessive alcohol consumption coupled with toxic effect of drugs (Tham et al. 2015). It can be congenital. After going through the current conditioned, the evident impression is the congestive cardiac failure is not caused by that. Myocarditis: In an empirical tone, any kind of inflammation of the heart muscles can be referred as Myocarditis. As the patient has a history of MI, Myocarditis can be a cause of congestive cardiac failure (Ter Maaten et al. 2015). Heart arrhythmias: Arrhythmias can be referred to abnormal heart rhythms that indulge the heart to perform more. In the current case, the heart rate (HR) of the is 54bpm (beats per minute) [which is considerably less than the normal heart rhythms which is 72bpm]. Thus, it is evident that it might be also a potent cause. Incidence and risk factors In the current context, the risk factors are strongly dependent on the root causes that might pave the patient towards mortality. The incidences upon which the risk factors are framed can be categorized as CHF affliction rates are higher in Afro-Americans as compared to the non-Hispanic whites It is chiefly a disease in which the older adults are more prone to be afflicted with (6% to 10% who are of greater age than 65) Major cause of the older peoples to be hospitalized Risk factors are High blood pressure or hypertension Coronary artery diseases Heart attack Diabetes Sleep apnoea Impact It has been observed that the patient who has been diagnosed with CHF and the family are prone to become traumatized. In this regard, it can be mentioned that, a little modification of regular lifestyle can cause considerable emancipation of the condition. List 5 common signs and symptoms of the identified condition The 5 common symptoms of CHF can be categorized as follows; Palpitations In cases of CHF, in terms of a common consequence, an abnormal rate of sinus rhythm has been perceived which is due to the inability of the heart to pump blood and circulate it properly (impeded cardiac output) (Nichols et al. 2015). Thus, it is due to the considerable alteration of the cardiac rhythm that causes palpitations of a patient diagnosed with CHF. Edema or swelling This phenomenon especially occurs in concert with erratic Starling forces such as a considerable reduction in the plasma oncotic pressure or abrupt increase in venous capillary pressure. This Starling forces directly informs the interruption in blood circulation and subsequently promote fluid extravasations that subsequently informs edema formation (Mentz O'connor, 2016). Shortness of breath It has been observed that this phenomenon has been accompanied with the senses of fatigue, internal strangulation and sterna compression. In the case of CHF (especially later stages), the pulmonary circulation has been hindered due to the left ventricular failure (Mehra et al. 2017). This is the main reason behind the formation of dyspnea accompanied by mild exertion. Furthermore, the patient develop a tendency to form paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (better known as orthopnea) (Mehra et al. 2017). Wheezing (pink, foamy mucus) The main cause of foamy mucus is late stages of pulmonary edema. However, the fluid in pulmonary edema can be considered as transuded, there are chances to have blood in them. In most of the cases, it has been observed that due to acute lung congestion, there are possibilities of micro-hemorrhages along with the presence of heart failure cells (especially macrophages laden with hemosiderin). This is pathophysiological illustration of the mucus being pink and frothy (Kuvhenguhwa, Belgrave, Shah, Bayer Miller, 2017). Mild Nausea/dizziness In an empirical tone, the dizziness is chiefly caused by impeded blood flow coupled with abnormal heartbeats. Furthermore, postural hypotension or a temporary decline in blood pressure can also be considered as the reason of dizziness. Describe 2 common classes of drugs used for patients with the identified condition The 2 common classes of drugs that has been used with the patients of the identified conditions can be empirically categorized as; Beta Blockers As one of major consequences of CHF is impeded blood flow with hypertension, this class of drugs has been used to cause a considerable decline in the heart rate and corresponding blood pressure. Apart from that, beta blockers are potent enough to protect the heart from the substances that can cause severe damage of the heart. The excessive use of Beta Blockers can cause several physiological side effects, which, in some cases, might lead towards several lethal consequences. The most controversial aspect is that it might worsen the complications prior to congestive heart failure. Apart from that, it can cause dizziness and fatigue. The popular medicines in this genre, which have been frequently used in the cases of CHF, is a low dose of metoprolol and carvedilol (Heslinga et al. 2015). ACE Inhibitors ACE is the acronym of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, which is a very effective measure to combat with the hormones that can cause severe damage to the heart (Harada et al. 2016). Apart from that, it assists in the opening of blood vessels while helping to reduce the blood pressure in order to lessen the workload of the heart. One of the major side effects of using excessive ACE inhibitors is it might increase the potassium level from the critical physiological level. Apar from that, it can cause a significant impact on the functionalities of kidney. The popular ACE inhibitors that have been used in the course of recovering from CHF are captopril and lisinopril (Harada et al. 2016). Physiological effect of each class The physiological effects of Beta Blockers can be categorized as; Dizziness Fatigue/Feeling tired The typical symptoms might get worsen The physiological effects of ACE inhibitors can be categorized as; Increased potassium levels (Mrs McKenzie has been diagnosed with a Potassium level of 2.5mmol/L) Considerable alterations in the kidney functions Mild Nausea Dizziness Identify and explain the prioritization of the nursing care strategies In case of admission of a patient with the symptoms of CHF, the nurses have to act prudently in order to ensure the effectiveness of their strategies in terms of prioritization. For instance, the nurses are required to enable the admitted to go through a chronological serious of tests in order to procure the assurance regarding the current disease. In the incipient phase, they are required to send the patient for a test of blood pressure. In this course, the nurses are also required to run their eyes on the medicines on the foundation of which the patient have developed the current condition. Afterwards, the nurses are required to enlist the Heart rate of the patient in their accounts while having a sincere look in the Respiratory rate as well. Furthermore, the nurses are also required to scrutinize the ECG report and Chest X-ray in order to identify the chances of Sinus Bradycardia and cardiac enlargement, which, in terms of priority, is considered as a cardinal step towards the diagnosis of the disease properly (Di Biase et al. 2016). In the cases like Mrs McKenzie who has a history of Myocardial Infarction, the report of the Full Blood Count (FBC), Liver Function Tests (LFT) and the examination of Urea-electrolytes and creatinine (UEC) are expected to be prepared (Fisher et al. 2014). In the cases of new admission, the nurses are required to send the patient and the family to have the report of the above-mentioned tests as early as possible. In concluding thenursing care plan, the requisite steps can be categorized in a systematic fashion, which might look like; (These are only applicable for the patients who have immediate requirements) This can be presented in a form of Congestive Heart Failure Nursing care plan The Subjective data are Impediments in terms of breathing Wheezing with a pink frothy mucus Heart pounding and palpatations The Objective data Edema (especially in legs or ankles) Crackled lung bases Wheezing upon exertion The rationale ofNursing interventions can be posited as follows; Monitoring heart rhythm The nurses are obliged to get a 12 lead ECG in order to resolve the issues associated with peripheral edema. Restriction of Sodium intake Fixing the salt limit to 300-600 mg/serve as the patient is in a situation when he/she needs to get rid of the overboard of fluid Monitor BNP (Normal range will be 100 pg/mL) BNP is the acronym of Brain Natriuretic Peptide, which the heart is prone to release during its adherence to any stress (Bardy, 2016). The nurses are required to keep it less than 100pg/mL Administration of diuretics (with a pee plan) After the preparation of a pee plan, the nurses are obliged to administer diuretics such as Furosemide, Bumetanide, Hydrochlorothiazide and Spironolactone etc Monitor swelling or edema The edema can be consistently monitored through bony prominence in order to discern the nature of the edema (whether it is pitting edema or not). This has been popularly measured by judging the indentation of the skin. References Bardy, G. (2016).U.S. Patent No. 9,232,900. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Di Biase, L., Mohanty, P., Mohanty, S., Santangeli, P., Trivedi, C., Lakkireddy, D., ... Casella, M. (2016). Ablation vs. amiodarone for treatment of persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with congestive heart failure and an implanted device: results from the AATAC multicenter randomized trial.Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-115. Fisher, S. A., Brunskill, S. J., Doree, C., Mathur, A., Taggart, D. P., Martin-Rendon, E. (2014). Stem cell therapy for chronic ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure.Cochrane Database Syst Rev,4(4). Harada, M., Hojo, M., Kamiya, K., Kadomatsu, K., Murohara, T., Kodama, I., Horiba, M. (2016). Exogenous midkine administration prevents cardiac remodeling in pacing-induced congestive heart failure of rabbits.Heart and vessels,31(1), 96-104. Heslinga, S. C., Sijl, A. M. V., De Boer, K., Van Halm, V. P., Nurmohamed, M. T. (2015). Tumor necrosis factor blocking therapy and congestive heart failure in patients with inflammatory rheumatic disorders: a systematic review.Current medicinal chemistry,22(16), 1892-1902. Kuvhenguhwa, M. S., Belgrave, K. O., Shah, S. U., Bayer, A. S., Miller, L. G. (2017). A Case of Early Prosthetic Valve Endocarditis Caused by Staphylococcus warneri in a Patient Presenting With Congestive Heart Failure.Cardiology research,8(5), 236. Mehra, P., Mehta, V., Sukhija, R., Sinha, A. K., Gupta, M., Girish, M. P., Aronow, W. S. (2017). Pulmonary hypertension in left heart disease.Archives of Medical Science,13(1). Mentz, R. J., O'connor, C. M. (2016). Pathophysiology and clinical evaluation of acute heart failure.Nature Reviews Cardiology,13(1), 28. Nichols, G. A., Reynolds, K., Kimes, T. M., Rosales, A. G., Chan, W. W. (2015). Comparison of risk of re-hospitalization, all-cause mortality, and medical care resource utilization in patients with heart failure and preserved versus reduced ejection fraction.American Journal of Cardiology,116(7), 1088-1092. Ter Maaten, J. M., Valente, M. A., Damman, K., Hillege, H. L., Navis, G., Voors, A. A. (2015). Diuretic response in acute heart failurepathophysiology, evaluation, and therapy.Nature Reviews Cardiology,12(3), 184. Tham, Y. K., Bernardo, B. C., Ooi, J. Y., Weeks, K. L., McMullen, J. R. (2015). Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets.Archives of toxicology,89(9), 1401-1438. Volpe, M., Carnovali, M., Mastromarino, V. (2016). The natriuretic peptides system in the pathophysiology of heart failure: from molecular basis to treatment.Clinical Science,130(2), 57-77.